Sunday, 29 September 2013

Stress in English Compound Nouns/Verbs



(d)  Stress in English Compound Nouns/Verbs
The primary stress always falls on the first syllable in English compound nouns.

Examples:
'book.case      'black.bird      'bride.groom      'house.maid    
'sun.glass       'hair.pin           'swim.suit          'night.fall       'sun.rise

(e)  Stress to contrast English Nouns ---  Verbs
Some English words are both nouns and verbs.  They have the same spelling, so the only difference between the noun and the verb is the word stress.

For nouns, the stress falls on the first syllable whereas for verbs, the stress falls on the second syllable.

Examples:
              Nouns                                                 Verbs
1.            'abstract                                     ab'stract
2.            'convict                                       con'vict
3.            'conflict                                      con'flict      
4.            'permit                                        per'mit
5.            'object                                        ob'ject
6.            'present                                      pre'sent
7.            'refuse                                        re'fuse
8.            'record                                        re'cord
9.            'promise                                     pro'mise
10.          '                                                       ' 


(f)  Stress in English Phrasal Verbs and the Noun Counterparts
The stress falls on the first syllable for nouns and the second syllable for phrasal verbs.

              Nouns                                 Phrasal Verbs
1.        a 'letdown                                to let 'down
2.        a 'printout                          to print 'out
3.        a 'sellout                            to sell 'out
4.        a 'takeover                         to take 'over
5.        a rundown                                 to run 'down
6.        a 'knockout                         to knock 'out
7.        a 'dropout                            to drop 'out
8.        a 'fallout                              to fall 'out

Stress in Adjectives



(c)  Stress in Adjectives
(i)  Bi-syllabled adjectives
For bi-syllabled adjectives like nouns, the stress falls on the first syllable.

Examples:
'happy     'angry     'hungry     'thirsty     'ready     'naughty   
'nosey      'hazy      'greedy     'cloudy     'windy     'dusty

Exceptions
cor'rect      o'paque     po'lite        con'cise        pre'cise         na'ive    
on'line       on'side      ob'scene    pro'found     

(ii)  Poly-syllabled adjectives
        3 syllabled adjectives, the stress falls on the pen-ultimate.

Examples:
at'tractive      in'stinctive        or'ganic        inor'ganic       pro'ductive    
pre'carious    pre'scriptive     de'structive    con'structive    

Exceptions
'beautiful      'preferable         'probable     'sensitive       'confident
'innocent      'ignorant       

      -----  4 syllabled adjectives, the primary stress falls on the
             ante-pen-ultimate. 

Examples:
in'quisitive      pre'requisite       pre'cipitious       pro'fessional 
pre'liminary     pre'rogative       par'ticular           in'vincible

Exceptions
confi'dential    presi'dential       resi'dential         inju'dicious   
'innovative       bicen'tennial     
   -----  5 syllabled nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs,  the
           stress fall on the root of the word or on the syllable next to
           it. 
        (The stress usually falls on the second or third syllable.)

Examples:
di'scriminatory  (di'scriminate)     diˌscrimi'nation  
ˌinter'national ('nation)  ('national)   cate'gorical  ('category)
re'frigeˌrator      ˌdepart'mentally     (de'partment)     
ˌpossi'bility  ('possible)     ˌincon'veniently     (ˌincon'venient)    

The stress is always on ‘'~ation’ the pen-ultimate syllable.
inˌterpre'tation   (in'terpret)      incan'tation       transpor'tation

Stress in Verbs



B.  Stress in Verbs
(i)  Bi-syllabled verbs
For bi-syllabled verbs, the stress is on the final syllable.  However, there are exceptions.

de'lay      ex'plain     be'come     de'cide     a'gree     re'ply      re'turn     de'stroy    a'chieve      ap'ply       ar'rive    pre'pare

Exceptions
'answer      'question     'hasten     'quicken         

(ii)  Poly-syllabled verbs
The stress is on the pen-ultimate (before the final) or the ante-pen-ultimate (before the pen-ultimate) like nouns.

in'terrogate     in'vestigate      e'xamine       in'terpret        

exceptions
'exercise     'interview     'hesitate      inter'vene     inter'rupt